When applying to top consulting firms, one of the most crucial stages of the interview process is the case interview. This format is designed to assess your analytical competencies, problem-solving skills, and ability to think strategically under pressure. Let's take a look at what to expect.
A case interview is a 30-minute simulation of a typical business project that consultants may have worked on. Cases provide a real example of an on-the-job experience and the assumption is that if a candidate is successfully able to tackle a case interview, he or she is also more likely to be a successful management consultant.
Case studies are the most important and usually the longest part of consulting interviews. In addition to the case study, the interview typically includes introductory small talk, a personal fit interview, and closing questions (see the illustration below).
Many companies review and standardize their consulting cases prior to a real interview to ensure that the case is neither too difficult nor too easy. Companies also ensure that a variety of skills are tested during the interviews.
The Typical Flow of a Case Interview
The case interview typically follows a structured flow to ensure that both the interviewer and the candidate cover all necessary aspects of the business problem. It involves the following phases:
1. Case Presentation and Problem Understanding
To start off, the interviewer will present a specific business problem or scenario. This could range from market entry considerations, to profitability issues, or organizational changes. The problem is usually based on real-world business issues that the consulting firm dealt with in the past.
You are expected to listen carefully, take notes, and clarify any points that are not clear to fully understand the scope and context of the problem.
👉 To get a better feeling for possible case prompts, check out the following beginner cases.
You have been hired to support the owner of a bike-shop as a business consultant. The bike-shop has suffered a significant revenue decline during the last year, and now the owner would like you to assess the situation and options for the way forward.
They want to know last year’s profit, i.e. how it was affected by the revenue decline, and what the priority actions are to survive the next year. (short term)
In addition they would like to understand the strategic competitive position of the shop better and how to increase revenues again mid- to long-term.
Our client (FastFood Co) is a fast-food company that has > 20 restaurants in the city. Recently, the business has encountered significant challenges, with net profit drops to negative.
The client wants us to help them turn around the business. How would you help them?
Afterwards, you outline a structured approach or framework to tackle the problem. Common frameworks include the SWOT analysis, Porter’s Five Forces, or the 4P's, with which you can structure your information. This step demonstrates your ability to break down complex issues into manageable parts.
However, keep in mind that it is not enough to simply memorize the standard framework concepts. While standard frameworks are useful for a rudimentary outline of a case problem, they need to be optimized and adapted to the individual case. Don't worry, as this is a skill you can develop, but it definitely requires thorough preparation and practice.
Once you have crafted your structure, clearly explain your framework to the interviewer, ensuring he or she understands your thought process and logical flow.
3. Analysis and Problem Solving
Next, you dive into the analysis. During the interview, your interviewer may provide additional data, charts or exhibits. Analyze this information to support your framework and build your argument. Formulate hypotheses based on your analysis and test them against the data provided. If needed, adjust your approach based on your new findings.
During the quantitative analysis, perform the necessary calculations to support your findings. This could include market sizing estimations, profitability calculations or a cost analysis. Good mental math skills will definitely help in this phase.
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Once you have worked through your structure, provide clear, and actionable recommendations based on your analysis. Use the Pyramid Principle of communication, highlight your key findings and explain how they address the problem.
You should also be ready to justify your suggestions with evidence from your analysis (i. e. data) and discuss possible next steps or further areas of investigation that the client may wish to consider.
After all, the interviewer may question your conclusions or ask for further clarification. Be prepared to defend your recommendations and discuss alternative perspectives.
After, all the best way to prepare for your interview is practice. Explore our Case Library with real examples now!
Du befindest Dich derzeit in einem strategischen Projekteinsatz bei der Northern Retail Bank (NRB), die vor drei Jahren von einem Finanzinvestor übernommen wurde. Während des Mittagessens lädt Dich der CEO zu einem Espresso in sein Büro ein.
Dort erläutert er, dass der Finanzinvestor bestrebt ist, den Unternehmenswert der Bank zu steigern – möglicherweise für einen künftigen Verkauf oder Börsengang, weitere Details stehen zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt noch nicht fest. Gemeinsam mit Deinem Projektteam sollst Du nun Maßnahmen entwickeln, um die Profitabilität der Bank zu verbessern. Angesichts der Ergebnisse des letzten Geschäftsjahres und des intensiven Wettbewerbsdrucks sieht der CEO hier dringenden Handlungsbedarf.
Der CEO bittet Dich darum, in 30–45 Minuten in sein Büro zurückzukommen, um Deine fachkundige Einschätzung für erste konkrete Stellhebel zu diskutieren.
TrainCo is a manufacturer of rolling stock, or trains, with production sites in three European countries. The company has seen declining profitability over the past years; however, they are currently in a very good position to bid for and win a big contract for regional trains for a Swiss national rail company. They have asked you advise to them on whether they should place a bid for the contract.
The client, VacuLuxe Innovations, is a manufacturer for vacuum pumps, e.g. rotary vane pumps, cryogenic pumps located in Germany. The company has grown from a start-up to a major corporation over the last 50 years. However, after benchmarking the economics of their business, the client discovered that their direct spend (i.e., COGS supplier spend) represented a higher percentage of their revenue than their closest competitors.
The client's top management has engaged the SCM and procurement specialized consultancy Inverto to advise the company in this critical situation.
An initial meeting with the CPO of VacuLuxe Innovations will be conducted tomorrow. VacuLuxe Innovations aims to discuss optimization potentials in the current collaboration with suppliers as well as levers to improve the supply chain resilience & carbon footprint. Unfortunately, VacuLuxe Innovations has only submitted the following high level data for their direct spend yet.
Assume our client is CodeWave, a large software development firm headquartered in Silicon Valley. The company has a solid reputation in the tech industry and has been in operation for over 15 years. Codewave currently employs approximately 3,000 people and has rapidly expanded in recent years.
Recently, the company has had difficulty retaining software engineers. Over the last year, the turnover rate for software engineers has risen dramatically, with CodeWave having to fill approximately 200 vacant positions. Simultaneously, the HR department has noticed a significant increase in the average time to fill roles, which now stands at 80 days (the time it takes from when the position becomes available to when a new person is employed and begins working).
The CEO of CodeWave requested that we assist the Head of HR in determining the root causes of this trend and identifying ways to reverse it.
Note: this case focuses on technology strategy and architecture and is primarily designed for candidates pursuing technology specialist tracks (e.g., McKinsey Digital, BCG Platinion, Accenture Strategy).
RetailCore is a European fintech founded in 2016 and headquartered in Amsterdam. The company offers current accounts, personal loans, and credit cards to 2.4 million customers across six markets (IT, DE, FR, NL, ES, PL).
RetailCore grew rapidly by adopting a cloud-native microservices architecture. However, in 2022 it acquired a traditional German bank (LandBank) to accelerate its full banking licence. The acquisition brought a legacy IBM z/OS mainframe from the 1990s into the heart of the platform. The CTO estimates that 60% of all production incidents over the past 18 months are attributable to integration friction between the two systems.
The CEO of RetailCore has engaged you as a BCG Platinion team. The Board has made available an extraordinary budget of €28 million over 18 months to solve the technology problem.
How would you structure the solution and allocate the budget?"
StyleNow ist eine Online-Modemarke der Otto Group, die Damen- und Herrenbekleidung ausschließlich über den eigenen Onlineshop vertreibt. In den letzten drei Jahren ist der Umsatz kontinuierlich gewachsen – unter anderem durch den gezielten Ausbau des Sortiments um neue Kategorien und Marken. Die Profitabilität hat sich jedoch trotz des Wachstums deutlich verschlechtert und das Unternehmen hat im gerade abgeschlossenen Geschäftsjahr erstmals ein negatives Ergebnis erzielt. Der Vorstand von StyleNow bittet das Inhouse Consulting um eine Analyse der Ursachen sowie eine konkrete Handlungsempfehlung.
Hinweis zur Sprache: Zur besseren Lesbarkeit verwenden wir in diesem Case teilweise das generische Maskulin. Selbstverständlich sind damit alle Personen gleichermaßen gemeint.
Your client, large automotive OEM WyCar, has developed its first fully electric vehicle (EV) and introduced it as a pilot on the Austrian market last year. However, sales have been far below the expected numbers. The management has engaged you to support them in understanding the reasons and advise them on how to adjust the product offering.
The bank "His Earlship Charles", a domestic retail and private bank is in a difficult situation. Profits have been declining over the past years due to the ongoing low interest rates set by the central bank. Additionally, the bank is suffering from a decreasing number of customers. The board of directors is worried about digitalization and wondering, whether the bank is adequately prepared for it.
Please analyze the situation of the client and develop means to sustainably increase profits. Consider the worries expressed by the board of directors.
Our client, Ooze, is one of the market leaders in the US spirits market (strong alcohol products).
They are thinking of restructuring their distribution strategy and want to know whether they should invest in 1 or 5 distribution centers.
What would you recommend?
Duraflex is a German footwear company with annual men’s footwear sales of approximately €1 b.
They have always relied on the boot market for the majority of their volume. In this market they compete with three other major competitors.
In the fall of 2019, Badger – one of Duraflex’s competitiors – launched a new line of aggressively priced work boots. The strong success of this line has caused Duraflex’s management to re-evaluate their position in work boots.
With limited additional resources, the management must now decide if they should focus their efforts on competing with Badger in the work boot sector, or allocate their resources on further strengthening their position with casual boots. The management team approached you and asked for your advice. In order to advise them on their future work boot strategy please prepare first some insights regarding market size and competitive landscape.
You have been hired to support the owner of a bike-shop as a business consultant. The bike-shop has suffered a significant revenue decline during the last year, and now the owner would like you to assess the situation and options for the way forward.
They want to know last year’s profit, i.e. how it was affected by the revenue decline, and what the priority actions are to survive the next year. (short term)
In addition they would like to understand the strategic competitive position of the shop better and how to increase revenues again mid- to long-term.
Your client, Wall Inc., is a dry wall manufacturer. A new competitor has just entered the market and is charging a lower price. Wall Inc. is considering reducing its own price by 20% in response. The client wants us to evaluate whether this is a good idea.
Your client is the CEO of a publishing company that publishes an educational magazine and a women's magazine.
Although both businesses are profitable, they are not growing fast enough. Thus, the CEO is thinking about starting a third monthly magazine that is targeted towards 30 to 60-year-old men in the US. He wants to know whether he can reach his first-year goal of $15 million in revenue.
DairyCo, a mid-sized CPG manufacturer (consumer packaged goods) which sells dairy products (derived from milk), has turned to you to ask for your advice.
The firm has been facing declining profits in the last few years and does not know what it should do to change this trend.
How would you help them out?
CLIENT OBJECTIVE
Our client, Convenio, operates micro convenience stores and vending machines across the US and wants to know whether launching a convenience store inside passenger cars is a good way to grow its business.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Convenio's new concept, Moove, is a small transparent box installed in the center console of taxis and private ride-hailing cars. It is stocked with snacks such as gum and chocolate bars, cold drinks, and non-food items such as personal hygiene products and phone chargers. A rider buys an item by scanning a QR code, selecting the product and paying on the Moove platform. The driver receives a confirmation, hands the item to the rider and earns a commission on every sale. Drivers carry a small stock in the trunk and restock at selected points of Convenio's existing supply network. The CEO has asked McKinsey to assess whether Moove is an attractive business in the US and how to set it up for growth.
The municipal utility Hamburg Energized is a local energy retail (power and gas) and distribution grid company active in the city of Hamburg. The majority of shares of Hamburg Energized is held by the city itself. As the distribution system operator of Hamburg, Hamburg Energized is responsible for the operations and maintenance of the gas and electricity grid on customer level.
In the course of the energy transition in Germany, the responsible board member for the technical grid operations, Jan Bremer, thinks about deploying Smart Meters in the gas and electricity grid. He approaches you with the request to conduct a feasibility analysis and to give a clear recommendation whether or not Hamburg Energized should use Smart Meters in its gas and electricity grid in the future.
Your client is the CEO of Heathrow airport (London), the busiest airport in Europe in terms of commercial traffic.
Due to COVID-19, the airport's operations and hence, revenue streams, have been severely affected.
The CEO asks for your help with the preparation of the upcoming Steerco, focused on:
“How to secure Heathrow's revenue streams during April-June 2020, mitigating the effects of COVID-19”.
RetailBankingCo is a regional, US-based retail bank that is looking to increase its revenues. As a result, the client is considering introducing a commission-based incentive program for its sales force.
RetailBankingCo wants to determine the conditions under which implementing the incentive program would be economically viable.
FashionForward is a mid-sized, private-label fashion retailer headquartered in Europe with €600 million in annual revenue. Its product portfolio includes fast-fashion collections for men and women, sold in 220 stores across six countries, and online.
The company currently sources approximately 85% of its total production volume from Bangladesh, heavily relying on just three key suppliers for over 70% of that volume. Their procurement strategy is highly cost-driven, and supplier relationships are transactional. FashionForward has now asked Inverto to develop a new sourcing strategy.
Over the last 18 months, FashionForward has faced increasing procurement challenges:
- A drop in demand for trend-sensitive fashion categories
- Long lead times (up to 40 days), limiting reactivity to seasonal trends
- Repeated shipping delays and FX volatility from Banglades
- Overstocking in basics and stockouts of fashion-forward items
- ESG non-compliance flagged in two factories during an audit
- Growing pressure from the board to increase agility and reduce dependency on Bangladesh
Ein Automobilhersteller hat zu einer Strategiekonferenz mit dem Vorstand eingeladen. Es soll die zukünftige Positionierung des Unternehmens diskutiert werden. Sie sind als Speaker in der Konferenz eingeplant und sollen einige Fragestellungen beantworten, die Sie vom Vorstand erhalten haben.
Grundsätzlich kommt es dem Unternehmen darauf an, mit der strategischen Ausrichtung einen mittel- bis langfristigen Wettbewerbsvorteil auf dem Markt zu erlangen.
Mastering the case interview is a crucial step in securing a consulting job. To perform well, you need to demonstrate structured thinking, analytical skills, and clear communication while solving a real-world business problem.
The interview typically follows a structured flow, starting with an introduction and resume discussion, followed by the case presentation, where you clarify the problem and outline a logical framework. From there, you analyze data, test hypotheses, and apply quantitative skills to arrive at well-supported recommendations. Finally, you summarize your findings and engage in a discussion to defend your approach.
Success in case interviews comes down to practice. Familiarizing yourself with common frameworks is useful, but true preparation involves adapting them to different cases, improving your problem-solving speed, and refining your communication. By structuring your thoughts clearly, staying flexible in your approach, and confidently presenting your findings, you’ll increase your chances of impressing your interviewer and landing an offer at a top consulting firm. 🚀
Let's Move On With the Next Articles:
The Personal Fit Interview
Basics of Case Interviews
The personal fit interview is a crucial part of the selection process in consulting. It’s often underestimated by candidates who tend to focus on the challenging case interviews only. But the personal fit interview is just as important! It’s all about determining if you’ll fit well within the team and align with the company culture. Read this article to find out why the personal fit interview matters so much and how to prepare effectively.
Consulting interviews are not just about your skills and knowledge — companies also want to see how well you align with their culture and values, often called "personal fit". This part of the interview is your chance to show you’re a natural addition to the team.
Here’s a look at three common personal fit questions and some tips on how to answer them confidently and thoughtfully.
[Common personal fit interview questions: Why consulting? Why this company? Tell me about yourself.]
Every case interview has a certain structure. An important factor on how your case interview is going to proceed is if the interview is interviewer-led or candidate-led.
We’d like to explain the two interview formats – candidate-led cases and interviewer-led cases – highlight their differences, and provide you with tips on how to excel in each of them.
