That candidate should note that the Discovery and Clinical Trials phases are the two longest, accounting for 9-13 years out of the total possible 11-17 years, or approximately 80% of the total pipeline time. As such, we should focus our efforts there.

Reducing Discovery Costs:

• Implementing advanced data analytics and machine learning techniques to identify and prioritize potential drug targets more efficiently.
• Encouraging collaboration with academic institutions and other research organizations to leverage their expertise and resources.
• Utilizing open innovation platforms to crowdsource ideas and solutions from a larger pool of researchers and experts.
• Focusing on the repurposing of existing drugs, which can reduce the time and cost associated with discovering new drug candidates.
• Streamlining the decision-making process to reduce the time and resources spent on less promising drug candidates.

Reducing Clinical Trial Costs:

• Implementing adaptive trial designs to enable more efficient and flexible trial processes, which can reduce costs and trial duration.
• Using digital tools, such as electronic data capture and remote monitoring, to enhance data collection and management, which can lead to cost savings.
• Enhancing patient recruitment strategies and retention efforts to minimize delays and costs associated with patient dropouts.
• Encouraging collaboration with other pharmaceutical companies to share trial infrastructure and resources, thereby reducing costs.
• Streamlining regulatory processes and documentation to minimize delays and administrative costs.

The candidate should have several insights here:

1. They should recognize and re-confirm that Discovery and Clinical Trials are indeed our costliest phases.
2. They should also note the Preclinical Development has the same costs as Discovery, but during a shorter timeframe.
3. They should note that Phase 3 Trials are, by far, the most expensive Process of any phase
4. They should note that Phase 1 Trials and Phase 2 Trials individually are as costly/more costly than any whole stage

The candidate should calculate that through these initiatives we can save $11M and reduce our total time to market by 21 to 27 months. 

No final recommendation is required for this case as it is a McKinsey-style (interviewer-led case).