Basic Valuation Interview Questions for Finance

Similar to how you'd value any unique asset – by applying the most common valuation methods:

• Comparable sales (precedent transactions): Look at recent sales of similar vintage guitars (same brand, model, year, and condition) to estimate the market value.
• Discounted Cash Flow (DCF): If the guitar is used to generate income (e.g., by a musician or in a recording studio), you could project those cash flows and discount them to the present value.
• Replacement cost approach: In rare cases, you might consider how much it would cost to replicate the guitar or find a modern equivalent with similar quality and tone.

Ultimately, you'd lean most heavily on market comparables, since collectibles typically don’t produce consistent cash flows.

When a company is pre-revenue, focus on what the market is actually valuing: engagement, growth, and user base – not profitability.

You'd turn to Comparable Companies and Precedent Transactions, using alternative metrics like EV/Monthly Active Users or EV/Tweets per Day.

The main filters are:

1. Industry – always the starting point, since you want similar business models.
2. Financial metrics – like Revenue or EBITDA, to ensure size and scale are comparable.
3. Geography – especially relevant if markets differ significantly by region.

For Precedent Transactions, timing also matters. You typically focus on deals from the past 1–2 years to reflect current market conditions.

Industry fit is the most critical filter; the others help refine your list depending on how precise the comparison needs to be.

The standard approach is to use a “football field” chart, which visually compares the valuation ranges from multiple methods (e.g. DCF, trading multiples, and precedent transactions).

It helps stakeholders see where each method lands and ensures you’re not relying on a single point estimate. Presenting a range acknowledges uncertainty and gives a more balanced view of the company's potential value.

Each method has a slightly different approach:

• Comparable Companies / Precedent Transactions:
  Find the median multiple (e.g. EV/EBITDA) from your peer set and multiply it by the company’s corresponding metric.
  Example: 5x EBITDA × $2M = $10M Enterprise Value.
  For a range, apply the 25th–75th percentile or min–max values to create a football field chart.
• Discounted Cash Flow (DCF):
  Forecast the company’s free cash flows, discount them back using the WACC, and add a terminal value.
  This gives you an intrinsic valuation independent of market comparables.

By combining the results from all three methods, you present a well-rounded valuation range.

There are several reasons this could happen, even if the financials are the same:

1. Competitive dynamics: One sale process may have attracted more bidders, driving up the price and resulting in a higher multiple.
2. Company-specific issues: The lower-multiple company might have faced recent negative news or a temporary dip in valuation, leading to a discounted acquisition.
3. Industry differences: Even with similar financials, different industries can trade at different average multiples, impacting how buyers value each target.

It’s a good reminder that valuation is not purely about numbers. Context and market perception matter, too.

The most widely used valuation multiples include:

• EV/Revenue: Used for companies that are not yet profitable. It’s helpful when EBITDA or net income is negative, especially for high-growth or early-stage firms.
• EV/EBITDA: A capital-structure-neutral multiple that reflects operational profitability before depreciation. It’s commonly used across industries and is especially useful when comparing companies with different financing structures.
• EV/EBIT: Similar to EV/EBITDA, but includes Depreciation & Amortization. It’s preferred in CapEx-heavy sectors like industrials or manufacturing, where fixed assets are a major part of the business.
• P/E (Price-to-Earnings): Focuses on equity value and includes the impact of interest and taxes. It's commonly used for mature, profitable companies, especially in industries like financial services where capital structure matters.

Each multiple gives a different lens on value, so the choice depends on the company’s profitability, industry, and capital intensity.

• Equity Value represents the value of a company available to shareholders only. It’s the market capitalization plus any outstanding equity instruments like options.
• Enterprise Value represents the total value of the business to all capital providers (both debt and equity holders). It accounts for net debt, preferred stock, and other financing sources.

Enterprise Value is often viewed as the theoretical takeover price of the entire company.

Because EBITDA shows profits before interest is paid, it belongs to all investors (both debt and equity holders). So, it makes sense to compare it to Enterprise Value, which also includes both debt and equity.

Equity Value, on the other hand, only shows what the company is worth to shareholders. So if you divide Equity Value by EBITDA, you're mixing things that don’t match as you're comparing what belongs to shareholders with earnings that belong to everyone. That gives you a misleading result.

Because EBIT accounts for Depreciation, while EBITDA ignores it. In capital-intensive industries, Depreciation reflects real costs tied to maintaining assets. Using EBITDA can overstate profitability by leaving out these recurring expenses, while EBIT gives a more realistic view of operating performance.

There are several ways to account for a strong competitive position:

1. Apply higher multiples – Use the 75th percentile or above from your comps set instead of the median.
2. Add a premium – Apply a valuation premium to reflect superior market position, margins, or growth.
3. Use more aggressive assumptions – In a DCF, you might project higher growth rates or stronger margins.

In practice, you usually pick one of these methods (not all of them) to avoid overstating the impact. The key is to justify the adjustment based on specific, defensible advantages like pricing power, brand strength, or market dominance.

A premium valuation can result from qualitative factors not fully captured in the financials. Some common reasons include:

• Positive recent news – such as strong earnings results or a stock price rally.
• Competitive advantages – like proprietary technology, a key patent, or valuable intellectual property.
• Strategic position – being the market leader or having a significantly larger market share than peers.
• Legal or regulatory wins – such as a favorable court ruling or regulatory approval.

In short, even with similar numbers on paper, the market may price in intangibles or forward-looking factors that justify a premium.