When is it OK to estimate? Is a fast estimate better than a slow but accurate answer?

Math is more than just a handy skill in consulting — it’s often a game-changer. Whether you're analyzing complex business challenges, building solid recommendations, or backing up your advice with hard data, strong math skills frequently set you apart in this field. Math in the Day-to-Day Life of a ConsultantMath is a cornerstone in daily life as a consultant. You’ll need to analyze complex issues, make quick estimations, and conduct precise calculations. Working with numbers and data is part of the job, and clients rely on you for recommendations that are both well-reasoned and reliable. Math becomes a crucial tool for making decisions and streamlining processes, helping you avoid getting lost in details or missing important insights.There are three key areas where math is indispensable in consulting:Problem-Solving EfficiencyConsulting often presents complex challenges. Math lets you approach problems systematically and efficiently, where even a rough estimate or quick calculation can reveal important insights early on. This can save time and avoid lengthy, unnecessary analyses.Math as a Trust BuilderYour math skills aren’t just about problem-solving — they’re also essential for building trust. Clients pay for expertise and expect solutions supported by rigorous analysis. When you can back up your arguments with clear numbers and accurate calculations, you strengthen your credibility.Estimation Skills: A Consultant's Must-HaveConsulting doesn’t always allow time for deep analyses. Often, you’re expected to make sound estimates quickly. Whether it’s sizing a market or estimating the cost of a business strategy, your ability to deliver prompt, well-founded answers is crucial. Strong estimation skills show you have a big-picture understanding and work efficiently. The Role of Math Skills in Case InterviewsMath skills are critical, even in the interview process for consulting roles. Case interviews test your ability to analyze business problems and perform quick calculations under pressure, with no tools like calculators or spreadsheets. Around 20-25% of the case interview assessment focuses on these “quant skills”, and in big consulting firms, like MBB and the Big Four, they often make the difference between an offer and a rejection. Math abilities are more than a “nice-to-have”; they’re a core requirement for consulting success.Here are three things to keep in mind for your upcoming case interviews:1. Prepare for estimation questions: Questions like, “How many cars exist in Germany?” don’t need exact answers but rather a logical approach. This skill is crucial for market sizing cases, so it’s worth practicing.2. Be ready for mental math: While notes are allowed, simple calculations should be done mentally and quickly, demonstrating your flexibility with numbers.

Math plays a big role in case interviews because it helps you solve business problems logically and in a structured way. It’s not about applying complex formulas; it’s about working quickly with numbers and finding practical solutions. Since you won’t have a calculator and can only use pen and paper, knowing effective calculation methods is key. These skills show off your analytical mindset and can make you stand out from other candidates. Why Mental Math is a Big PlusIn case interviews, being able to handle basic calculations in your head is a huge advantage. It saves time and makes you appear more flexible and confident. It’s not about avoiding writing things down entirely, it’s rather about quickly grasping the results. The goal is to get a fast overview and deliver precise answers. Imagine calculating revenue and profit for multiple products – if you can confidently do these calculations in your head, you’re already a step ahead. Working with Rounded NumbersIn case interviews, you’ll often see “rounded” numbers like 300,000 or 4,000,000. Working with large numbers can feel intimidating, but a few simple tricks can make it much easier.💡 Quick Trick: Cutting ZerosLet’s say you’re calculating the revenue for a product that a company sells at $32 per unit, with 25,000 units sold annually. The calculation is 32 × 25,000. Instead of writing all those zeros, break it into simpler steps:Calculate 32 × 25 first, which is easier than 32 × 25,000.Then, just add the three zeros from “25,000” to the result.To quickly solve 32 × 25, you can think of 25 as ¼ × 100:32 × ¼ = 88 × 100 = 800So, 32 × 25 is 800, making 32 × 25,000 equal to 800,000. This method saves time and reduces the chance of misplacing zeros. Adding and Subtracting with UnitsLarge numbers, like 250 million or 300 million, might seem challenging at first glance. A useful technique is to work with units like thousands (K), millions (M), billions (B), and trillions (T). This simplifies addition or subtraction because you don’t have to write out or imagine all the zeros.💡 Quick Trick: Adding Large NumbersSuppose you need to add 250 million, 300 million, and 150 million. Instead of writing each number fully, just add the leading numbers and keep the unit:250 + 300 + 150 = 700, then add the “million” unit."The result is 700 million. This approach is quicker and reduces errors since you’re focusing only on the main numbers, not all the extra zeros. Multiplication and “Clean Numbers”Multiplication is common in case interviews, and many numbers used are “clean numbers”, meaning they have helpful properties that make calculations easier. For example, 25 is a “clean” number because it’s ¼ × 100, which simplifies large multiplications.💡 Quick Trick #1: Fast-Math Multiplication:The Fast-Math Method is a technique for simplifying complex multiplications by breaking them into easier steps. It’s based on the idea that you can halve one number and double the other without changing the result, thanks to the commutative property of multiplication. This keeps the final product the same but often makes the math easier. Here’s an example:Original calculation: 160 × 350Halve 160: 160 ÷ 2 = 80Double 350: 350 × 2 = 700Multiply the results: 80 × 700 = 56,000The result is the same as 160 × 350 but without lengthy calculations. This method is especially handy in case interviews, allowing for quick, error-free calculations.💡 Quick Trick #2: Reordering Multiplication Factors:Another helpful technique is rearranging terms to make the multiplication easier. Imagine you need to calculate 125 × 2.5 × 4. You can rearrange like this:Start with 125 × 4 = 500.Then, 500 × 2.5 = 1,250.The answer is 1,250. Reordering simplifies the calculation. You could also do 2.5 × 4 = 10, then 125 × 10 = 1,250. This flexibility lets you choose the easiest order for each case. Quick Calculations for Percentage GrowthLet’s say a company grows 4% per year. Calculating this over multiple years can often be simplified by ignoring compound interest and estimating growth. This is especially helpful for shorter time periods and moderate growth rates.Example: Estimating Percentage GrowthIf a company’s revenue is $400 million and it grows at 4% annually for six years, you can estimate the growth like this: 4% × 6 = 24%, which is roughly one-quarter. So the revenue grows by about 25%, or around $100 million, bringing it to about $500 million after six years. This method gives a quick estimate for growth impact over several years. The Net Present Value (NPV) MethodThe Net Present Value (NPV) method is a common approach to calculate the current value of a future investment. It helps determine today’s value of expected cash flows by discounting future payments. A positive NPV indicates a worthwhile investment, as future returns exceed the initial cost.💡 Quick Trick: Rule of 72The “Rule of 72” is a tool for estimating the doubling time of an investment—how long it’ll take to double in value. The Rule of 72 uses the exponential growth formula and can be applied when a rate of return (or growth rate) is known.Simply divide 72 by the annual interest rate (in percent) to estimate the doubling time. For example, if the growth rate is 6% annually, the investment doubles in about 12 years (72 ÷ 6 = 12).This quick estimation helps estimate the future value of an investment without needing to apply the exact NPV formula. Since it’s an approximation, it’s great for quick decisions or rough estimates but less suited for precise calculations.Example: NPV of a Real Estate ProjectA real estate company is considering a project that will sell apartments for $250 million in six years. What’s the current value of this investment if they expect a 12% return annually? Using the Rule of 72, an investment with a 12% growth rate doubles in about six years (72 ÷ 12 = 6). So, today’s value is roughly half the future value, or $125 million. This means the company should invest no more than $125 million to achieve a 12% return. ConclusionMath and quick calculations are essential in case interviews to help you stand out from other candidates. The methods and examples here allow you to tackle common calculations efficiently and accurately. From working with rounded numbers to using the Fast-Math Method, these techniques make you faster and more confident with numbers. Practice these methods before your interview to be flexible and confident, showcasing your math skills effectively.Elevate your math skills to the next level by practicing with our Mental Math Tool!