Hello,
I also second Florian's point of view - I think this is a different situation to getting rejected so you shouldn't be subject to a ban, but it will definitely depend on your circumstances so I would recommend reaching out to HR first.
If you get the green light to reapply, the process should be exactly the same - in other words, it won't be more difficult, you will still just have to perform well in case + behavioral interviews. The only thing I would recommend is taking some time to think about how you would answer any questions about why you turned down the job offer in the first place to assuage any concerns in this regard.